Rediscovery of Rare Fish Species and the Push for Sustainable Fish Farming and Conservation in Kalimpong

Moose Face Loach

KalimNews, Kalimpong, July 04, 2025 : The Eastern Himalayan hills, particularly the districts of Darjeeling and Kalimpong, are home to a diverse array of aquatic life, which has long intrigued both local communities and scientific researchers. Among the most notable species found in the high-altitude rivers and streams of this region are the Chel Snakehead, various varieties of trout, mahseer, and native loaches—species that have not only become an integral part of the region's biodiversity but also a valuable resource in the ornamental fish trade.

One of the most significant discoveries in recent years is the Chel Snakehead, which was rediscovered in the Chel River of Kalimpong after being presumed extinct for over 85 years. However, this rediscovery is just the tip of the iceberg. The region harbors a wealth of other indigenous fish species that thrive in the cold waters of the Eastern Himalayas.

The Copper Mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis), locally known as Katley, is another highly significant species. As the state fish of Sikkim, Katley is primarily found in the Teesta and Rangit rivers and their tributaries, spanning the diverse altitudes of the state. This species has been categorized as endangered by both the ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBFGR) in 1992 and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2014. Its endangered status underscores the ecological fragility of the region's freshwater systems.

Another important fish species in the region is the common snowtrout, locally known as Asala (Schizothorax richardsonii). This species, belonging to the family Cyprinidae, is found in the fast-flowing cold streams of the Himalayan region, including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Asala primarily feeds on algae and aquatic plants and has adapted perfectly to the cold, oxygen-rich waters of the mountainous streams. Its scientific name, derived from the Greek words schizein (to divide) and thorax (breast), refers to its distinct anatomical features that help it survive in such demanding environments.

Mottled Loach

Loaches and catfishes also play an essential role in the region's aquatic biodiversity. Species from the families Balitoridae and Cobitidae, commonly referred to as loaches, and siluroid fishes, known as catfishes, are abundant in the streams of Darjeeling and Kalimpong. These species are particularly valued for their vibrant markings, small size, and resilience, making them ideal candidates for ornamental fish farming. There are seven distinct species of loaches found in the region, spread across five genera, and three species of catfish under three genera. These species not only enrich the region's biodiversity but also contribute significantly to the local and global ornamental fish trade.

Among the loaches, Acanthocobitis botia, known locally as Garela, is one of the most popular species. These loaches are found in various local streams, including Schistura inglisi in Sevoke, Schistura beavani in Ghish, Lepidocephalichthys in Riyang, Acanthocobitis botia in Relli, and Aboricthys elongate in Pala. Kalimpong's streams alone host 20 species of loaches, although only 6–8 species are found predominantly. Despite this, the market demand for loaches as ornamental fish is growing, both locally and internationally.

Loaches, in particular, present significant economic potential for Kalimpong, offering considerable prospects for foreign exchange earnings. With appropriate conservation practices and sustainable breeding, the region could position itself as a global player in the ornamental fish trade. However, greater awareness is needed to unlock this potential. Sumanta Kumar Biswas, District Fisheries Officer, emphasized the importance of educating local communities, especially students, educated youths, fish catchers, and fish farmers, about the value and significance of these species.

In addition to loaches, there is great potential for cultivating cold-water fish such as Rainbow Trout (Asala) in Kalimpong, particularly in the high-altitude areas where the climatic conditions are similar to those of Sikkim. If Sikkim can successfully farm Rainbow Trout, Kalimpong, with its similar altitude and climate, certainly has the potential to do the same. This could open up new avenues for cold-water fisheries, which could boost the local economy and provide sustainable livelihoods for the community.  Biswas also highlighted the potential of aquaponics—growing vegetables and fish in the same 100 square feet of space—as an innovative solution for aquaculture in urban and suburban areas.

Wedge Tail Loach

In Kalimpong's middle and lower altitudes, there is significant scope for the culture of Mahseer (Katley), a species that holds cultural and economic value. With the region's diverse aquatic resources, promoting Mahseer farming in these areas could lead to sustainable fish farming ventures, ensuring both economic benefits and the preservation of local biodiversity.

To promote greater awareness and sustainable fish farming, several initiatives are already in progress. Awareness programs targeting local college students, fish farmers, and other stakeholders are being conducted through camps, training sessions, meetings, and discussions. Moreover, a proposal has been submitted to the District Magistrate of Kalimpong to establish a public aquarium house in Kalimpong to showcase the exclusive cold-water fish species found in the district. This initiative would not only help educate locals but also attract tourists, fish biologists, researchers, and enthusiasts from around the world. The project is currently under consideration, with the proposed location being the orchid house at Bankim Park.

Y-Y Loach

These fish species are of immense cultural, ecological, and scientific value. Species such as the Moose Face Loach, Mottled Loach, Banded Loach, and Y-Y Loach are among the most sought-after fish in the ornamental trade, fetching high prices in the market. For example, a two-inch Gray's Stone Loach or Hill Stream Loach can cost around Rs. 250, while other varieties like the Wedge Tail Loach and Moose Face Loach are typically priced at Rs. 100 each in wholesale markets.

The continued protection and sustainable use of these fish resources will require a comprehensive approach that includes proper conservation measures, informed fishing practices, and active support for local communities. Awareness campaigns, such as those spearheaded by local conservationists, are crucial for ensuring the survival of these unique species. Establishing a public aquarium, coupled with educational programs, would help create an informed and engaged community, paving the way for the long-term success of the conservation of Kalimpong's precious aquatic heritage.

Gray's Stone Loach/Kabre

As the region’s aquatic biodiversity faces increasing pressure from urbanization, pollution, and unsustainable fishing practices, the need for sustainable management and conservation has never been more urgent. By empowering local communities and fostering awareness through such programs, Kalimpong has the potential to become a hub for the preservation and promotion of its native aquatic species, ensuring their survival for future generations.